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Black Pepper: The King of Spices

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the most widely used spices globally. It’s derived from the dried berries of a vine and is known for its pungent and aromatic flavor.

Benefits of Black Pepper

Beyond its culinary applications, black pepper offers several potential health benefits:

• Improved digestion: It stimulates the production of digestive enzymes, aiding in digestion.
• Antioxidant properties: Contains compounds with antioxidant effects, protecting cells from damage.
• Anti-inflammatory properties: May help reduce inflammation in the body.
• Increased nutrient absorption: Piperine, a compound in black pepper, can enhance the absorption of certain nutrients.

Uses of Black Pepper

• Culinary: Widely used as a seasoning in various cuisines.
• Ayurvedic medicine: Used for its digestive and carminative properties.

Would you like to know more about the specific health benefits of black pepper or its culinary uses?

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit (the peppercorn), which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit is a drupe (stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a stone which encloses a single pepper seed. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as pepper, or more precisely as black pepper (cooked and dried unripe fruit), green pepper (dried unripe fruit), or white pepper (ripe fruit seeds).[2]

Black pepper is native to the Malabar Coast of India,[3][4] and the Malabar pepper is extensively cultivated there and in other tropical regions. Ground, dried, and cooked peppercorns have been used since antiquity, both for flavour and as a traditional medicine. Black pepper is the world’s most traded spice,[5] and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world. Its spiciness is due to the chemical compound piperine, which is a different kind of spiciness from that of capsaicin characteristic of chili peppers. It is ubiquitous in the Western world as a seasoning, and is often paired with salt and available on dining tables in shakers or mills.

Etymology
The word pepper derives from Old English pipor, Latin piper, and Greek: πέπερι.[6] The Greek likely derives from Dravidian pippali, meaning “long pepper”.[7] Sanskrit pippali shares the same meaning.[6]

In the 16th century, people began using pepper to also mean the New World chili pepper (genus Capsicum), which is not closely related.[6]: 2b

Varieties

Black, green, white, and pink (Schinus terebinthifolia) peppercorns
Processed peppercorns come in a variety of colours, any one of which may be used in food preparation, especially common peppercorn sauce.[8]

Black pepper
Black pepper is produced from the still-green, unripe drupe of the pepper plant.[2] The drupes are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying.[9] The heat ruptures cell walls in the pepper, speeding the work of browning enzymes during drying.[9] The drupes dry in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the pepper skin around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer. Once dry, the spice is called black peppercorn. On some estates, the berries are separated from the stem by hand and then sun-dried without boiling.[2] After the peppercorns are dried, pepper spirit and oil can be extracted from the berries by crushing them.

White pepper
White pepper consists solely of the seed of the ripe fruit of the pepper plant, with the thin darker-coloured skin (flesh) of the fruit removed. This is usually accomplished by a process known as retting, where fully ripe red pepper berries are soaked in water for about a week so the flesh of the peppercorn softens and decomposes; rubbing then removes what remains of the fruit, and the naked seed is dried. Sometimes the outer layer is removed from the seed through other mechanical, chemical, or biological methods.[10]

Ground white pepper is commonly used in Chinese, Thai, and Portuguese cuisines. It finds occasional use in other cuisines in salads, light-coloured sauces, and mashed potatoes as a substitute for black pepper, because black pepper would visibly stand out. However, white pepper lacks certain compounds present in the outer layer of the drupe, resulting in a different overall flavour.[citation needed]

Green pepper
Green pepper, like black pepper, is made from unripe drupes. Dried green peppercorns are treated in a way that retains the green colour, such as with sulfur dioxide, canning, or freeze-drying. Pickled peppercorns, also green, are unripe drupes preserved in brine or vinegar.

Fresh, unpreserved green pepper drupes are used in some cuisines like Thai cuisine and Tamil cuisine. Their flavour has been described as “spicy and fresh”, with a “bright aroma.”[11] They decay quickly if not dried or preserved, making them unsuitable for international shipping.

Red peppercorns
Red peppercorns usually consist of ripe peppercorn drupes preserved in brine and vinegar. Ripe red peppercorns can also be dried using the same colour-preserving techniques used to produce green pepper.[12]

Pink pepper and other plants
Pink peppercorns are the fruits of the Peruvian pepper tree, Schinus molle, or its relative, the Brazilian pepper tree, Schinus terebinthifolius, plants from a different family (Anacardiaceae). As they are members of the cashew family, they may cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, for persons with a tree nut allergy.

The bark of Drimys winteri (“canelo” or “winter’s bark”) is used as a substitute for pepper in cold and temperate regions of Chile and Argentina, where it is easily found and readily available. In New Zealand, the seeds of kawakawa (Piper excelsum), a relative of black pepper, are sometimes used as pepper; the leaves of Pseudowintera colorata (“mountain horopito”) are another replacement for pepper. Several plants in the United States are also used as pepper substitutes, such as field pepperwort, least pepperwort, shepherd’s purse, horseradish, and field pennycress.

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